Hello,
Based on this Q&A (http://www.seomoz.org/q/seo-experts-help-answer-my-newbie-questions-2) it appears you do not feel your question has been answered even though it was marked as such. I have some suggestions:
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going forward hold off on marking a "good answer" until you are truly satisfied. You can offer a thumbs up in the meantime and later mark the answer as good if it contributed to your satisfaction.
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it is perfectly fine to ask a few questions at once but 14 questions is really too much to ask at once imo. I would recommend asking your top 1 or 2 or perhaps 3 questions and saving the others for another day.
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an excellent guide to SEO is here: http://www.seomoz.org/beginners-guide-to-seo. It answers some of your questions.
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Please try the site's SEARCH function in the upper-right corner. Many of your questions have been answered in detail on this site.
I will grab a few questions you asked and respond to them:
9) How much stronger is a .gov backlink than a .edu backlink? How much stronger are both of those compared to a regular extension backlink?
Absolutely zero. The TLD of a link has no weight in determining the link's value. It is a myth. With that said, an .edu or .gov link's value comes from its source. Generally speaking government or college/university websites have greater value then average sites.
10) If I am building backlinks, should I link just my main home page URL or all internal URLs to?
You should EARN links, not build them. Ideally you will earn links to pages throughout your site, not just the home page.
11) I see several people that build backlinks to other websites by typing in a comment and throwing their link in there. Like question 10, should I post ALL the links to my website (Internal + Home) or just my main page link?
Be very careful with this method. If you are building authentic links via a "good" blog site, that is fine. For example, if I were to throw in a link to my company site in this response, it would be ok. Why? SEOmoz is the world's #1 site for SEO information in terms of traffic (Alexa rank in the 300s). This Q&A is very well moderated and contains no spam. The information being provided in this response is (hopefully) thorough, accurate and helpful. In other words, this is an authentic response and not simply a means to generate a link to manipulate search rankings.
12) What is better; .com, .net, or .org? What about .info, .us, and .biz in terms of SEO benefit?
See the response to #9. Search engines do not value any TLD over the other. With that understood, users clearly favor .com so it is strongly preferred. A .net or .org URL can work very well under the right circumstances. For example, notice SEOmoz owns the .com and .org but they choose to use the .org site which goes well with their image as a community site.
13) I have several pages on my site in which Google indexed them and I deleted the post. Now when I search my site on Google and I click on the link to the post, it is pretty much a 'dead link' because the post cannot be found. Does this harm my site in any way, and how can I take these dead pages off?
First, make sure your site's 404 page is helpful. It is desirable to offer your site's normal navigation, a search option and a general "we are sorry, the page you are trying to reach is no longer available" type of message. If you have any content on your site that is very similar to the old page, provide a 301 redirect to the new page. If you deleted a page on 2011-best-christmas-gifts and you have a 2012 version of the page, you can redirect the old page to the new one.
**14) One of my sites is already indexed by Google but not Yahoo! What should I do to get my site indexed? It's already been about a week. **
First, register your site with Bing Webmaster Tools if you have not done so already. Bing "owns" the Yahoo search results as they have a 10yr contract with Yahoo. After you register your site, upload a sitemap. You can also manually upload up to 10 URLs a day, and 50 a month. I would suggest adding your home page and your main category pages at first, then follow up with your most important pages.
Understand Bing is a different search engine. They are much choosier about content and they may not index all the pages Google will. Also, do not expect your rankings in Google and Bing to be the same. They are two independent companies who have their own methods of determining search results.
Good Luck.